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NTFS Forensics: NTFS Fix-Ups

In digital forensics, it is standard practice to use MD5 (or similar cryptographic hash functions)…

Deleted File Recovery in Ext4

The ext4 filesystem—the default choice for most modern Linux distributions—is a robust evolution …

Ext4 Forensics: Journaling

Modern filesystems commonly employ journaling to safeguard data integrity. A journal acts as a wr…

Ext4 Forensics: Extents

Earlier vers ions of the extended file systems  used a traditional Unix-style mapping where each …

Ext4 Forensics: Inode Table

An inode (index node) is a fixed-size data structure that holds metadata about a file, directory, s…

Ext4 Forensics: Inode Bitmaps

An inode bitmap is a sequence of bits that tracks inode allocation status within a block group/fl…

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